Economic Terms

This is the difference between government spending plans and the amount of taxation revenue it raises. As it includes any proceeds from the sale of government assets it represents the amount of money a government needs to borrow to make sure all expenditure is funded.

This is the difference between government spending plans and the amount of taxation revenue it raises excluding any proceeds from the sale of government assets

A concept that helps to compare the difference in the cost of the same good or service in different countries by using exchange rates to convert the price of the good into a single currency. Parity exists if there is no differential.

A market that is un-competitive as it consists of just a single firm. Very few remaining examples in the UK due to the break up and privatisation of the post war state monopolies.

A good that is non-excludable (it is not possible to exclude non-consumers from the benefit of a good or service i.e free rider problem) and non-rival (the consumption of a good by one consumer does not diminish the supply available to other consumers) e.g. armed forces, police, street lighting, flood defences

The process by which central banks create new money to buy sovereign debt and other financial assets. This aims to stimulate economic growth by increasing credit available to individuals and firms, reducing the cost of new and existing borrowing and produce various wealth effects by increasing the value of financial assets.

Below highlights the theoretical impact of QE into an economy with deficient aggregate demand. The purchasing of bonds makes credit cheaper and easier for business, individuals and households to acquire and therefore increases the amount of economic activity through business expansions and and house purchases. Ultimately, this contributes to a higher level of aggregate demand and despite introducing some inflationary pressures this is just moving the economy back to the full employment level. 

A policy that might occur after a period of quantitative easing if there are signs the economy is over-heating. It would involve the central bank selling the financial assets it acquired via quantitive easing to increase supply and reduce the value of these assets. It should help to slow economic growth and help control rising inflation as it will reduce availability of credit, increase borrowing costs and reduce the value of assets.

Below is a diagram to show how this policy works. In this instance, the central bank has already engaged in some form of QE and this has removed the negative output gap for the economy but has now created a positive output gap, putting the economy on an inflation alert. Therefore this policy aims to move the economy back to the full employment level of output to keep inflation in check and in line with the CPI inflation target. This is highlighted by a small inward shift of the aggregate demand curve to AD2. Restoring the economy to it's capacity.

The amount of a good or service consumers will buy at any given price.

Below is an illustration of a typical downward sloping demand curve. This shows that when the market price for a particular good begins to fall this causes the quantity demanded for that good to rise. This is often known as the Law of Demand and why demand curves for conventional goods always have a negative slope.

The amount of a good or service firms plan to supply to the market at a given price.

Below is an illustration of a typical upward sloping supply curve. This shows that when the market price for a particular good begins to rise this causes the quantity supplied for that good to rise. This is because firms have a profit incentive to sell more goods at higher prices. But also if they are to produce more goods, production costs rise in line with that and therefore they have to charge a higher price to maintain margins.

Goods that have the feel of public goods but do not completely satisfy the definition of a public good. They are largely non-rival (apart from during peak/times and periods) and it is possible to exclude third parties from the benefits but the costs associated with this mean that this is rarely enforced. e.g. roads and NHS.